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Pantoprazole is also a CYP2C19 substrate but with lower affinity, which is why pantoprazole has fewer drug-drug interactions than omeprazole overall

GLP-1 RAs have also been shown to positively influence gut barrier integrity and immune function, potentially reducing chronic inflammation and supporting overall physiological function without measurable changes in biomarkers such as DNA methylation, telomere length, or cellular senescence

These compound-specific effects could affect the way in which individual DPP4i are used therapeutically and potentially explain off-target adverse effects, such as hospitalization for heart failure, which is seen only with one DPP4i

healthcare system is at a critical juncture with rising obesity and chronic disease coupled with skyrocketing GLP-1 costs