A literature and patent review published in Pharmaceuticals (MDPI) summarizes that BPC-157 demonstrates a desirable safety profile in preclinical research, with only a few side effects reported across animal studies, and documents its broad activity across tissue injury, inflammatory and CNS-adjacent research models via VEGFR2-Akt-eNOS angiogenic pathways and nitric oxide signaling
Since its identification in the 1990s by the research group of Sikiric et al., it has become one of the most extensively studied peptides in tissue repair research, with published data spanning tendon healing, angiogenesis, nitric oxide regulation, and gastrointestinal cytoprotection
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Nevertheless, the supernatant fraction obtained after centrifugation increased GLP-1 secretion compared with the control