Repeated same-site injection is the most common self-inflicted cause of the injection-site irritation covered in the side-effects section below
Microb Ecol Health Dis 12(2):1030 Hsu H-Y, Liao Y-C, Lin S-H, Lin J-S, Lee C-C, Watanabe K (2022) Safety assessment of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TWK10 based on whole-genome sequencing, phenotypic, and oral toxicity analysis
KPV, also known as Lysine-proline-valine, is a naturally occurring tripeptide [that] has been shown to attenuate the inflammatory responses of colonic cells[and] exerts its anti-inflammatory function inside cells, where it inactivates inflammatory pathways (Xiao et al., 2017)
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that antibiotic treatment induces gut dysbiosis-marked by reduced alpha diversity, a decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, depletion of beneficial genera, and enrichment of pro-inflammatory taxa (Tejkalov et al., 2023