doi: 10.1124/mol.118.111864
All ingredients: Water, Glycerin, Tranexamic Acid , Glutathione , Niacinamide , Ascorbyl Glucoside ( Stabilized Vitamin C ), Propanediol, Hyaluronic Acid , Panthenol, Beta-Glucan, Allantoin, Green Tea Extract, Chamomilla Recutita ( Matricaria ) Flower Extract, Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Extract, White Tea Extract, Caprylyl Glycol, Ethylhexylglycerin, 1,2-Hexanediol, Carbomer, Arginine, Disodium EDTA, Rosa Damascena Flower Water , Black Tea Extract, Portulaca Extract, Liquorice Root Extract, Lavandula Officinalis (Lavender) Flower Extract, Chamomile Extract, Green Tea Fermented Extract
10.1002/jcsm.13213 12 DongL.XieJ.WangY.JiangH.ChenK.LiD.et al (2022)
pharmaceutical-grade DSIP Because it isnt FDA-approved, most commercially available DSIP is research-grade material